(Repeats June 22 column. The opinions expressed here are those of the author, a columnist for Reuters.)
* US imports of primary aluminium: http://tmsnrt.rs/2p55b28
* US imports of aluminium product: http://tmsnrt.rs/2p8lD2x
By Andy Home
LONDON, June 22 (Reuters) - Aluminium industry executives will line up on Thursday to have their say on whether foreign imports into the United States pose a threat to the country's security.
The Section 232 investigation was announced by the Department of Congress on April 27 and follows hot on the heels of a similar probe into U.S. steel imports, the results of which are pending. 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, to give its full title, was last used in 2001 against imports of iron ore with a "no action necessary" outcome.
This time around, everyone's expecting a different result. The Trump administration has pledged to stem the rising metallic import tide and reverse the ebbing of the country's primary aluminium production capacity.
The United States was once one of the world's largest producers with 22 aluminium smelters. The number of operating plants is down to just five, although in truth a lot of them closed years ago due to hard economics rather than imports.
A Section 232 investigation allows for broad tariffs against any and all imports, an artillery barrage rather than the precision targeting of specific product anti-dumping penalties.
Which is why the North American aluminium industry is scrambling to direct U.S. President Donald Trump's trade guns in the right direction.
Towards China.
U.S. imports of primary aluminium - top 10 suppliers:
http://tmsnrt.rs/2p55b28
U.S. imports of plate, sheet and strip - top 10 suppliers:
http://tmsnrt.rs/2p8lD2x
DON'T SHOOT US - WE'RE YOUR FRIENDS!
Because when it comes to primary aluminium metal, the greatest share of U.S. imports comes from over the border in Canada.
But, as everyone agrees, Canada is not the enemy here.
"U.S. aluminum trade with Canada is strategically vital and supports many American jobs," according to a letter to Wilbur Ross, secretary of commerce, from the cross-party Congressional Aluminum Caucus.
Indeed, "for over twenty years U.S. law governing the armed forces has defined the U.S. national technology and industrial base to include Canada," adds Alf Barrios, chief executive of Rio Tinto (LON:RIO) Aluminium, which ships 75 percent of its Canadian smelters' output to its neighbour.
The two countries' aluminium industries have been intertwined since 1928, when U.S. producer Alcoa (NYSE:AA) AA.N span off its international operations to a new Canadian company called Aluminium Ltd.
With hindsight, handing over the low-cost, hydropowered Canadian smelter network that now forms Rio Tinto Aluminium may not have been the most prescient of moves.
However, World War Two and the urgent demand for a metal critical to aircraft manufacture saw U.S. and Canadian aluminium supply chains integrated to the extent that the United States was producing war materials in Canada to supply to Britain.
That level of coordination has continued ever since and "from WW2 Lancasters to 21st century Teslas, Canada's reliability has always met the test", according to the written testimony of Jean Simard, head of the Aluminium Association of Canada.
In other words, don't shoot us, we're your friends.
And while you're at it, don't shoot the Europeans either because they're your friends too.
"The aluminium associations of U.S., Canada and Europe, can testify that there is no unfair competition between our three regions to the disadvantage of one of the industries we represent," the trade bodies noted in a joint statement.
Europe doesn't supply primary aluminium to the United States but it does ship a lot of semi-manufactured products, around 17 percent of total plate, sheet and strip imports last year, for example.
THE ENEMY'S OVER THERE!
If you're wondering about the identity of the second-largest supplier of primary aluminium metal to the United States last year, by the way, don't expect much public enlightenment.
Russia is, perhaps not entirely surprisingly, keeping a very low profile in this Section 232 investigation.
But then this whole thing is not really about primary aluminium at all.
There have been some throwaway comments about the importance of high-purity metal for specific military applications but industry analysts HARBOR point out that existing U.S. output meets defence requirements three times over. ("Special Analysis: Is high-purity aluminum a national security concern for the U.S.?", April 27, 2017)
The real target, as far as the North American and European aluminium sectors are concerned, is the amount of Chinese semi-manufactured product ("semis") entering the supply chain.
The United States doesn't import much Chinese aluminium metal because China doesn't export aluminium in that form, just 17,000 tonnes last year.
China's massive aluminium sector is highly vertically integrated to the point that over half of all smelter output is in the form of hot, molten metal which is then transferred to a products casting plant.
And China exports a lot of "semis", over 4 million tonnes in both 2015 and 2016.
U.S. imports of Chinese plate, sheet and strip last year represented around 38 percent of the total, according to figures from the International Trade Centre.
Some of these are essential for U.S. manufacturers. The Aluminum Association asks, for example, for a dispensation from any tariffs for Chinese aluminium powders and flakes.
Many of them have in the past been what the Canadian association terms "wrongly classified and misrepresented products". Aluminium traders call them "fake semis" and a mountain of them is once again sitting in Vietnam, having been rejected by North American users. of them are just what they purport to be. It's just that there is too much of the stuff.
Chinese imports, according to Marco Palmieri, head of the North American operations of aluminium products giant Novelis NVLX.UL , have already "forced us to exit certain product lines".
The collective and unanimous bottom line is that, to quote the three aluminium associations, "the issue of Chinese excess capacity (is) the root cause of the challenges faced by the aluminium industries in North America and in Europe".
The Russians, by the way, agree, but they're not going to say so right now.
WE NEED TO TALK BUT WE MIGHT SHOOT FIRST
China, let us remember, has lifted its aluminium production from 2.8 million tonnes at the start of the century to 31.6 million tonnes in 2016. Last year's tally represented around 54 percent of the global total.
It's a remarkable grab of a global supply chain.
And one, industry executives outside China believe, that has been based on what Canada's Simard calls "a plethora of market distortions".
The previous Obama administration also agreed, which is why its parting trade shot was a complaint about China's alleged aluminium subsidies to the World Trade Organization. WTO calls for bilateral talks. The aluminium associations are pushing Chinese overcapacity onto the agenda of the G20 countries for multi-party talks. Steel is already there.
"Ultimately," notes Heidi Brock, head of the U.S. Aluminum Association, "our view is that the best solution for the U.S. aluminum industry and the jobs it supports would be a negotiated agreement with China that results in measurable reductions in Chinese aluminum capacity and/or growth."
The pressure for China to engage with the rest of the world about its aluminium sector is becoming irresistible.
Talks will take time, though.
The Section 232 process is a fast one, requiring the secretary of commerce to report to the president within 270 days from the start of the investigation.
This secretary of commerce may not take that long.
And this administration looks minded to start shooting first and talk later.
Just as long as everyone's agreed on where the guns are aiming, right?
(Editing by Dale Hudson)