By Devika Krishna Kumar and Stephanie Kelly
Jan 29 (Reuters) - Venezuela's revenues from oil sales to the United States have come under severe threat as sweeping sanctions on Venezuelan state-owned oil firm has sent U.S. buyers scrambling for replacements.
The United States on Monday imposed sanctions on Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., known as PDVSA PDVSA.UL , to cripple the OPEC member's oil shipments, which account for nearly all of Venezuela's exports, in response to the reelection of socialist President Nicolas Maduro, a vote widely viewed as fraudulent. has recognized opposition leader Juan Guaido as Venezuela's head of state.
U.S. refineries that depend on Venezuela's heavy crude are turning to domestic sour crude grades to offset the impact, sending prices to the strongest in about five years WTC-MRS , traders said.
The United States is Venezuela's biggest oil customer, importing, on average, about 500,000 barrels per day (bpd) of crude in 2018, according to Refinitiv Eikon data.
"The region with the biggest shortfall of Venezuelan crudes, either through sanctions or inadvertently through further production declines is the U.S.," said Michael Tran, commodity strategist at RBC Capital Markets, in a note.
For an interactive graphic on top importers of Venezuelan crude, see: https://tmsnrt.rs/2RYGk2E.
WHERE WILL VENEZUELA'S OIL GO?
The Trump administration sanctions allow U.S. companies to buy Venezuelan oil, but the proceeds of such sales will be put in a "blocked account."
Because of this, PDVSA is likely to quickly stop shipping much crude to the United States, its top client. Overnight, Maduro said cargoes loaded for the United States that had not already been paid for could not depart. going to be appetite around the world to take Venezuelan oil," Zachary Rogers, an oil markets analyst at consultancy Wood Mackenzie said.
Venezuela will likely be forced to offer steep discounts and increase shipments to Russia, China and India to try and make up for lost revenues from its top market, traders and analysts said. output has been cut in half since 2016 to near 70-year lows to less than 1.2 million bpd, according to figures from OPEC secondary sources, due to major cash crunch that has stymied investments, a brain drain that is depriving it of engineers, and a new military management that has clashed with workers.
As a result, the U.S. share of its exports has declined in recent years, with more shipments going to Russia and China made largely through oil-for-debt repayment structures.
It can prioritize exports to Asia, but it is the most competitive battleground on the planet, RBC Capital's Tran said, adding that while they remain the second largest market for Venezuelan crudes, the Chinese have also tapered its buying from Caracas over the past two years.
For an interactive graphic on Venezuelan crude exports to the United States, see: https://tmsnrt.rs/2S4YIXB.
HOW WILL THE U.S. REPLACE VENEZUELAN OIL?
Shipments to the United States account for about 75 percent of the cash Venezuela gets for crude shipments, according to a Barclays (LON:BARC) research note published earlier this month.
Citgo Petroleum, the U.S. refining arm of PDVSA and the biggest importer of Venezuelan crude, did not reply to a request for comment. The other primary importers Valero Energy Corp (NYSE:VLO) VLO.N and Chevron Corp (NYSE:CVX) CVX.N said they will comply with U.S. laws. the United States is the top oil producer with output of nearly 12 million bpd, complex Gulf Coast refineries need heavier crude grades to produce diesel and other high-margin products, and cannot simply substitute it with light crude.
The easiest substitute for now is domestic sour grades. Prices of heavier U.S. grades like Mars Sour WTC-MRS , an offshore medium U.S. crude, and West Texas Sour crude WTC-HLS have risen as buyers scramble for supply.
On Tuesday, Mars crude traded at about a $6 premium to the U.S. crude futures benchmark CLc1 , near a five-year high, traders said.
"It's nuts. Everything with sulfur in it is getting bid," said one U.S. crude trader said, referring to crude's sulfur content that is known in the market as "sour grades."
The alternatives to Venezuela's heavy sour crudes have become increasingly scarce in the Americas, due to challenges facing heavy crude producers Canada and Mexico.
Canada produces more than 4 million bpd, much of it heavy crude that could replace Venezuelan grades, but pipeline bottlenecks are hampering its exports.
"Until the ongoing (Canadian) pipeline issues are addressed, crude by rail is simply not as scalable as increased shipments from Mexico or Iraq," said Tran.
However, Mexico's crude output levels are among the lowest on record dating back several decades as its top-producing fields have aged, and new ones to replace them have not been developed.
Traders said the United States may need to sell oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve to cover supply shortfalls.
The Trump administration was considering a release from the SPR, S&P Global (NYSE:SPGI) Platts reported ahead of sanctions being imposed. The crude quality in the SPR differs from Venezuelan crude, however. an interactive graphic on Venezuelan crude exports to U.S. refiners, see: https://tmsnrt.rs/2S42EI5.
For an interactive graphic on top crude importers to the U.S. Gulf Coast, see: https://tmsnrt.rs/2HElW2U.
<^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ U.S. weighs imposing Venezuelan oil sanctions soon - sources
GRAPHIC-U.S. imports of Venezuelan oil shrink
https://tmsnrt.rs/2B0W8Z4 GRAPHIC-Venezuelan crude exports to key U.S. refiners
https://tmsnrt.rs/2Hu2QfB GRAPHIC-Top importers of Venezuelan crude
https://tmsnrt.rs/2B0StKA FACTBOX-U.S. energy companies respond to sanctions on Venezuela's oil firm
Top crude importers to the U.S. Gulf Coast
https://tmsnrt.rs/2HBClVS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^>